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- Vaccinations for children. What mandatory vaccinations and when should a child receive them?
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- Vaccinations for children. What mandatory vaccinations and when should a child receive them?
Vaccinations for children. What mandatory vaccinations and when should a child receive them?
13.02.2025
Author: neonatologist (head) of the department for newborn children, highest qualification category, Bagdasarova O.K.
Advances and achievements of immunoprophylaxis in the 21st century:
Thanks to effective vaccination programs for children and adults, there has been a significant decrease in many infectious diseases in our country:
- there are no cases of polio, which previously led to the development of deformities and disabilities;
- the incidence of rubella decreased by 43,000 times (from 43,000 cases in 1997 to 1 case in 2014);
- the incidence of measles has decreased by more than 1,000 times (before 1967, about 70,000 cases were registered per year, in 2014 - 64 cases);
- incidence of diphtheria - until 1957, 14,000 cases were registered, since 2012 there have been no cases;
- the incidence of viral hepatitis B has increased 14 times (from 1266 cases in 1998 to 93 in 2014);
- incidence of tetanus - isolated sporadic cases of tetanus were recorded; there have been no cases since 2011.
LIST OF INFECTIONS AGAINST WHICH PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS ARE CARRIED OUT | GROUPS OF INDIVIDUALS SUBJECT TO PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS AND TIMING OF PREVENTIVE VACCINATIONS |
---|---|
Viral hepatitis B | Newborns in the first 12 hours of life, children aged 2, 3, 4 months |
Tuberculosis | Newborns on the 3rd–5th day of life |
Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, hemophilus influenzae | Children aged 2, 3, 4 months |
Pneumococcal infection | Children aged 2, 4 and 12 months who have one of the following diseases or conditions: immunodeficiency states; recurrent acute purulent otitis media (more than 3 episodes during the year); recurrent pneumonia; bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital defects of the respiratory tract; heart defects requiring hemodynamic correction and enrichment of the pulmonary circulation; presence of a cochlear implant or planning for this operation;
diabetes;
bronchial asthma; |
Haemophilus influenzae infection | Children who have not previously received preventive vaccinations against Haemophilus influenzae before reaching the age of 5 and who have one of the following diseases or conditions: chronic hepatitis; cirrhosis of the liver; chronic diseases of the kidneys, heart and lungs; immunodeficiency states;
cystic fibrosis; |
Polio | Children aged 2, 3, 4 months and 7 years |
Measles, mumps, rubella | Children aged 12 months and 6 years |
Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough | Children aged 18 months |
Flu | Children aged 6 months to 3 years Children aged 3 years and older and adults with chronic illnesses |
Is it possible to refuse vaccinations? Will there be consequences when registering for a kindergarten or receiving services at a clinic?
In accordance with Article No. 44 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Health Care”, a necessary condition for carrying out preventive vaccinations is the prior consent of the patient (for a minor patient - his parent or legal representative). The patient should be made aware of the predicted results and possible risks.
Consent for preventive vaccinations is given orally, since vaccination carried out intramuscularly, subcutaneously or intradermally is included in the list of simple medical interventions (Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated May 31, 2011 No. 49 “On establishing a list of simple medical interventions”).
In accordance with Article No. 45 of the Law of the Republic of Belarus “On Health Care,” the patient has the right to refuse preventive vaccinations. The refusal is recorded in the medical documentation and signed by the patient and the attending physician.
In case of refusal of vaccinations, in accordance with the law, a ban on admission to a kindergarten, school or other children's institution will be unlawful.
Are there any contraindications for getting vaccinated?
Medical contraindications to vaccination can be established as temporary (up to one month) - in connection with an acute respiratory infection, in the presence of fever, or long-term (from 1 to 3 months) - in the presence of exacerbation of some chronic diseases and permanent (1 year or more) – due to contraindications established in the instructions for use of the vaccine. The decision to establish or cancel a temporary medical contraindication is made by a pediatrician (therapist). The decision to establish, extend or cancel a long-term and permanent medical contraindication is made by the immunological commission, which is approved by order of the chief physician of the healthcare organization.
A (permanent) contraindication to all vaccines is a complication following the administration of a previous dose of the drug (anaphylactic shock that developed within 24 hours after vaccination, immediate allergic reactions, encephalitis or encephalopathy, febrile convulsions).
Acute infectious and non-infectious diseases, exacerbation of chronic diseases are temporary contraindications for vaccinations. Routine vaccinations are carried out after the disappearance of acute manifestations of the disease and the achievement of complete or maximum possible remission, including during maintenance treatment (except immunosuppressive).
Vaccinations for epidemic indications can be carried out against the background of a mild acute respiratory viral infection, acute respiratory infection, in the absence of remission against the background of active therapy, according to the decision of a pediatrician (therapist). The basis for making a decision is to compare the risk of an infectious disease and its complications, exacerbation of a chronic disease with the risk of complications after vaccination.
Children who are not vaccinated on time due to medical contraindications are vaccinated according to an individual schedule according to the recommendations of a pediatrician or other specialists.
If an infectious disease occurs in an organized group or home, the possibility of immunizing contact persons is determined by an epidemiologist together with a pediatrician.